Assessing Potential Energy Savings in Household Travel: Methodological and Empirical Considerations of Vehicle Capability Constraints and Multi-day Activity Patterns.

The lack of multi-day data for household travel and vehicle capability requirements is an impediment to evaluations of energy savings strategies, since 1) travel requirements vary from day-to-day, and 2) energy-saving transportation options often have reduced capability. This work demonstrates a survey methodology and modeling system for evaluating the energy-savings potential of household travel, considering multi-day travel requirements and capability constraints imposed by the available transportation resources. A stochastic scheduling model is introduced – the multi-day Household Activity Schedule Estimator (mPHASE) – which generates synthetic daily schedules based on “fuzzy” descriptions of activity characteristics using a finite-element representation of activity flexibility, coordination among household members, and scheduling conflict resolution. Results of a thirty-household pilot study are presented in which responses to an interactive computer assisted personal interview were used as inputs to the mPHASE model in order to illustrate the feasibility of generating complex, realistic multi-day household schedules. Study vehicles were equipped with digital cameras and GPS data acquisition equipment to validate the model results. The synthetically generated schedules captured an average of 60 percent of household travel distance, and exhibited many of the characteristics of complex household travel, including day-to-day travel variation, and schedule coordination among household members. Future advances in the methodology may improve the model results, such as encouraging more detailed and accurate responses by providing a selection of generated schedules during the interview. Finally, the Constraints-based Transportation Resource Assignment Model (CTRAM) is introduced. Using an enumerative optimization approach, CTRAM determines the energy-minimizing vehicle-to-trip assignment decisions, considering trip schedules, occupancy, and vehicle capability. Designed to accept either actual or synthetic schedules, results of an application of the optimization model to the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey data show that U.S. households can reduce energy use by 10 percent, on average, by modifying the assignment of existing vehicles to trips. Households in 2009 show a higher tendency to assign vehicles optimally than in 2001, and multi-vehicle households with diverse fleets have greater savings potential, indicating that fleet modification strategies may be effective, particularly under higher energy price conditions.Ph.D.Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91567/1/kevinb_1.pd

Gambaran Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tehnik Menyusui Yang Benar Pada Ibu Yang Memiliki Bayi Usia 0-6 Bulan Di Klinik Cahaya Medan

Menyusui adalah suatu cara yang tidak ada duanya dalam memberikan makanan yang ideal bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi yang sehat serta mempunyai pengaruhi biologis dan kejiwaan yang unik terhadap kesehatan ibu dan bayi.Menyusui merupakan bagian terpadu dari proses reprroduksi yang memberikan makanan bayi secara ideal dan alamiah serta merupakan dasar biologis dan psikologik yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan. Adapun tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui gambaran faktso-faktor yang mempengaruhi tehnik menyusui yang benar pada ibu yang memiliki bayi usi 0-6 bulan. Adapun  faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi tehnik menyusui yang benar pada ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-6 bulan yaitu pengalaman, sarana dan prasarana, pendidikan. Adapun manfaat dari teknik menyusui yang benar yaitu putting susu tidak lecet, perlekatan menyusu pada bayi kuat, bayi menjadi tenang, tidak terjadi gumoh/muntah. Adapun  jenis penelitian ini bersifat deskriftif. Adapun penelitian ini di lakukan di klinik cahaya medan pada bulan April sampai Juni 2012. Adapun populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu-ibu yang ada di Klinik Cahaya Medan yang berjumlah 35 orang. Adapun pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan sampel total sampling yaitu pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada ibu yang mengalami tehnik menyusui sebanyak 35 sampel. Adapun kriteria responden dalam penelitian ini yaitu bersedia menjadi responden, ibu-ibu yang mengalami tehnik menyusui. Adapun teknik pengukuran pada setiap variabel adalah dengan mengajukan 15  pertanyaan yaitu 5 pertanyaan untuk variable penggalaman, 5 pertanyaan untuk variabel sarana dan prasarana dan 5 pertanyaan untuk variable pendidikan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tehnik menyusui yang benar pada ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-6 bulan,menyatakan bahwa mayoritas kategori penggalaman cukup yaitu sebanyak 11 responden (31%) dan minoritas kategori penggalaman baik sebanyak 15 responden (43%). Adapun kesimpulan dari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tehnik menyusui yang benar pada ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-6 bulan berdasarkan pengalaman, sarana dan prasarana, pendidikan di klinik cahaya medan dengan hasil kategori baik

Gambaran Faktor – Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Amenorea Pada Remaja Putri Di Desa Helvetia Timur Kecamatan Helvetia Medan Periode April-juni Tahun 2012

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for at least 3 consecutive months. Amenorrhoea can be divided into primary amenorrhoea and amenorrhoea sekunder.Amenorea an issue important enough for us to know, especially in adolescents, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the incidence of amenorrhea in teenagers is 10-15%. Where In developed countries such as the Netherlands, the percentage of amenorrhea is quite large at 13%. The incidence of amenorrhea in in Indonesia is quite high. The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that cause the occurrence of amenorrhea in young women. The study was conducted at Jl. East Helvetia district. Helvetia Medan. The population is young women who do not understand about amenorrhoea. The sample size is 40 people. Samples are  young women who do not understand about amenorrhoea. Criteria sample respondents are willing to become young women who do not understand about amenorrhoea, in Jl.Istiqomah East Village district of Medan Helvetia Helvetia. From the results of research conducted by the researchers found that the description of the factors that cause the occurrence of amenorrhoea In teenage daughter based knowledge, just as much as 50%, the  characteristics of respondents by age most are aged 10-13 years 23.3%, most respondents Information sources are Officers health as much as 20%. Data analysis technique consists of editing, coding, sorting, data entry, cleaning, Expenditure Information. To the community, family and health care professionals should pay attention and a good understanding of and support for young women who do not understand about amenorrhoea, as well as providing good health care accordance 2010-2014 realizing the vision of health development  of healthy communities independent and fair

The impact of ‘Cash for Clunkers’ on greenhouse gas emissions: a life cycle perspective

One of the goals of the US Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Act of 2009, more commonly known as 'Cash for Clunkers', was to improve the US vehicle fleet fuel efficiency. Previous studies of the program's environmental impact have focused mainly on the effect of improved fuel economy, and the resulting reductions in fuel use and emissions during the vehicle use phase. We propose and apply a method for analyzing the net effect of CARS on greenhouse gas emissions from a full vehicle life cycle perspective, including the impact of premature production and retirement of vehicles. We find that CARS had a one-time effect of preventing 4.4 million metric tons of CO2-equivalent emissions, about 0.4% of US annual light-duty vehicle emissions. Of these, 3.7 million metric tons are avoided during the period of the expected remaining life of the inefficient 'clunkers'. 1.5 million metric tons are avoided as consumers purchase vehicles that are more efficient than their next replacement vehicle would otherwise have been. An additional 0.8 million metric tons are emitted as a result of premature manufacturing and disposal of vehicles. These results are sensitive to the remaining lifetime of the 'clunkers' and to the fuel economy of new vehicles in the absence of CARS, suggesting important considerations for policymakers deliberating on the use of accelerated vehicle retirement programs as a part of the greenhouse gas emissions policy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85437/1/erl10_4_044003.pd

Guidelines for the Creation of a Program for Type III Environmental Declarations in the United States

Abstract There currently exists a demand in the United States for information about the environmental impacts of consumer products, but there is no consistent system for providing this information. This project proposes guidelines for the creation of a Type III environmental declaration program which will provide objective information about the environmental impacts of products based on life cycle assessment (LCA)methods. To more easily convey complicated information to consumers, the use of an original data presentation format, the “radar area graph”, was selected based on the results of a consumer survey. Because printed labels do not allow convenient product comparisons, a model internet website was created to demonstrate the potential of interactive product data. One original recommendation is an interactive personal database that allows consumers to track the impacts of their activities, thus making data more interesting and useful to consumers. Because evaluating products using LCA can be time consuming, we created a method of efficiently and consistently calculating environmental impacts. It includes guidelines for defining system boundaries and functional units, and for characterizing environmental impacts. Ten environmental impact category indicators were selected, and original methods were developed for characterizing land use and water depletion using spatial data. A spreadsheet calculator was created for determining human and ecological toxicity indicators. Finally, original software was developed to demonstrate the proposal for a common database of process and material parameters. To guide an administrator during the creation of a new Type III program, recommendations are provided for organizational structure, product registration procedures, and budget management for continued operation and growth.Master of ScienceNatural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environmenthttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/35333/2/Guidelines for Type III Declarations - Full Report - by Bolo.pd

Precision global health in the digital age.

Precision global health is an approach similar to precision medicine, which facilitates, through innovation and technology, better targeting of public health interventions on a global scale, for the purpose of maximising their effectiveness and relevance. Illustrative examples include: the use of remote sensing data to fight vector-borne diseases; large databases of genomic sequences of foodborne pathogens helping to identify origins of outbreaks; social networks and internet search engines for tracking communicable diseases; cell phone data in humanitarian actions; drones to deliver healthcare services in remote and secluded areas. Open science and data sharing platforms are proposed for fostering international research programmes under fair, ethical and respectful conditions. Innovative education, such as massive open online courses or serious games, can promote wider access to training in public health and improving health literacy. The world is moving towards learning healthcare systems. Professionals are equipped with data collection and decision support devices. They share information, which are complemented by external sources, and analysed in real time using machine learning techniques. They allow for the early detection of anomalies, and eventually guide appropriate public health interventions. This article shows how information-driven approaches, enabled by digital technologies, can help improving global health with greater equity

Estimation du caractère impulsionnel du bruit dans une image non stationnaire

Nous proposons dans cet article un nouvel opérateur pour mesurer le caractère impulsionnel du bruit d'image. L'objectif est d'obtenir un opérateur robuste vis-à-vis des non stationnarités de l'image. Cet opérateur est invariant par translation et facteur d'échelle. Il permet d'estimer le caractère impulsionnel du bruit dans une région de taille relativement faible